Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 1 - Shloka (Verse) 10

व्याख्या-- 'अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम्'-- अधर्म--अन्यायके कारण दुर्योधनके मनमें भय होनेसे वह अपनी सेनाके विषयमें सोचता है कि हमारी सेना बड़ी होनेपर भी अर्थात् पाण्डवोंकी अपेक्षा चार अक्षौहिणी अधिक होनेपर भी पाण्डवोंपर विजय प्राप्त करनेमें है तो असमर्थ ही! कारण कि हमारी सेनामें मतभेद है। उसमें इतनी एकता (संगठन), निर्भयता, निःसंकोचता नहीं है, जितनी कि पाण्डवोंकी सेनामें है। हमारी सेनाके मुख्य संरक्षक पितामह भीष्म उभयपक्षपाती हैं अर्थात् उनके भीतर कौरव और पाण्डव--दोनों सेनाओंका पक्ष है। वे कृष्णके बड़े भक्त हैं। उनके हृदयमें युधिष्ठिरका बड़ा आदर है। अर्जुनपर भी उनका बड़ा स्नेह है। इसलिये वे हमारे पक्षमें रहते हुए भी भीतरसे पाण्डवोंका भला चाहते हैं। वे ही भीष्म हमारी सेनाके मुख्य सेनापति हैं। ऐसी दशामें हमारी सेना पाण्डवोंके मुकाबलेमें कैसे समर्थ हो सकती है? नहीं हो सकती।
'पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम्'-- परन्तु यह जो पाण्डवोंकी सेना है, यह हमारेपर विजय करनेमें समर्थ है। कारण कि इनकी सेनामें मतभेद नहीं है, प्रत्युत सभी एकमत होकर संगठित हैं। इनकी सेनाका संरक्षक बलवान् भीमसेन है, जो कि बचपनसे ही मेरेको हराता आया है। यह अकेला ही मेरेसहित सौ भाइयोंको मारनेकी प्रतिज्ञा कर चुका है अर्थात् यह हमारा नाश करनेपर तुला हुआ है! इसका शरीर वज्रके समान मजबूत है। इसको मैंने जहर पिलाया था, तो भी यह मरा नहीं। ऐसा यह भीमसेन पाण्डवोंकी सेनाका संरक्षक है, इसलिये यह सेना वास्तवमें समर्थ है, पूर्ण है।
यहाँ एक शङ्का हो सकती है कि दुर्योधनने अपनी सेनाके संरक्षकके लिये भीष्मजीका नाम लिया, जो कि सेनापतिके पदपर नियुक्त हैं। परन्तु पाण्डव-सेनाके संरक्षकके लिये भीमसेनका नाम लिया, जो कि सेनापति नहीं हैं। इसका समाधान यह है कि दुर्योधन इस समय सेनापतियोंकी बात नहीं सोच रहा है; किन्तु दोनों सेनाओंकी शक्तिके विषयमें सोच रहा है कि किस सेनाकी शक्ति अधिक है? दुर्योधनपर आरम्भसे ही भीमसेनकी शक्तिका, बलवत्ताका अधिक प्रभाव पड़ा हुआ है। अतः वह पाण्डव-सेनाके संरक्षकके लिये भीमसेनका ही नाम लेता है।
विशेष बात
अर्जुन कौरव-सेनाको देखकर किसीके पास न जाकर हाथमें धनुष उठाते हैं (गीता 1। 20), पर दुर्योधन पाण्डवसेनाको देखकर द्रोणाचार्यके पास जाता है और उनसे पाण्डवोंकी व्यूहरचनायुक्त सेनाको देखनेके लिये कहता है। इससे सिद्ध होता है कि दुर्योधनके हृदयमें भय बैठा हुआ है ( टिप्पणी प0 10 )। भीतरमें भय होनेपर भी वह चालाकीसे द्रोणाचार्यको प्रसन्न करना चाहता है, उनको पाण्डवोंके विरुद्ध उकसाना चाहता है। कारण कि दुर्योधनके हृदयमें अधर्म है, अन्याय है पाप है। अन्यायी, पापी व्यक्ति कभी निर्भय और सुख-शान्तिसे नहीं रह सकता--यह नियम है। परन्तु अर्जुनके भीतर धर्म है, न्याय है। इसलिये अर्जुनके भीतर अपना स्वार्थ सिद्ध करनेके लिये चालाकी नहीं है, भय नहीं है; किन्तु उत्साह है, वीरता है। तभी तो वे वीरतामें आकर सेना-निरीक्षण करनेके लिये भगवान्को आज्ञा देते हैं कि हे अच्युत! दोनों सेनाओंके मध्यमें मेरे रथको खड़ा कर दीजिये' (1। 21)। इसका तात्पर्य है कि जिसके भीतर नाश्वान् धन-सम्पति आदिका आश्रय है, आदर है और जिसके भीतर अधर्म है, अन्याय है, दुर्भाव है, उसके भीतर वास्तविक बल नहीं होता। वह भीतरसे खोखला होता है और वह कभी निर्भय नहीं होता। परन्तु जिसके भीतर अपने धर्मका पालन है और भगवान्का आश्रय है, वह कभी भयभीत नहीं होता। उसका बल सच्चा होता है। वह सदा निश्चिन्त और निर्भय रहता है। अतः अपना कल्याण चाहनेवाले साधकोंको अधर्म, अन्याय आदिका सर्वथा त्याग करके और एकमात्र भगवान्का आश्रय लेकर भगवत्प्रीत्यर्थ अपने धर्मका अनुष्ठान करना चाहिये। भौतिक सम्पत्तिको महत्त्व देकर और संयोगजन्य सुखके प्रलोभनमें फँसकर कभी अधर्मका आश्रय नहीं लेना चाहिये; क्योंकि इन दोनोंसे मनुष्यका कभी हित नहीं होता,प्रत्युत अहित ही होता है।
सम्बन्ध-- अब दुर्योधन पितामह भीष्मको प्रसन्न करनेके लिये अपनी सेनाके सभी महारथियोंसे कहता है

The King again communicates another reason for his lack of fear to the Acharya—"Aparyaptam," etc.

"Indeed, this unlimited force of ours, counted as numbering eleven Akshauhinis and protected on all sides by Bhishma of renowned great glory and subtle intellect, is 'Paryaptam'—meaning capable of defeating the enemies. However, that small force of theirs, limited to seven Akshauhinis and protected by Bhima who is fickle-minded and devoid of skill, is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning incapable of defeating us." (Here the commentator interprets the terms to reflect Duryodhana's confidence).

Or: "This force of ours commanded by Bhishma is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning immeasurable, unassailable, and immovable. Whereas this force of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, is 'Paryaptam'—meaning limited; implying it can be easily withstood (or conquered)."

Or: "That ('Tat') force of the Pandavas is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning not sufficient/enough against us (to defeat us). [Grammatical gloss:] 'Bhishmabhirakshitam'—Bhishma is protected/stationed for this (our) side to ward off the enemy force. On the other hand, this force of ours is 'Paryaptam'—meaning capable of defeating them. [Grammatical gloss:] 'Bhimabhirakshitam'—Bhima, who is faint-hearted, is stationed to ward off this (our) enemy force (which he cannot do); therefore, there is no cause for fear for us.

He states another reason for his superiority—"Aparyaptam," etc. "That ('Tat') force of the enemies is 'Aparyaptam'—insufficient/unable to defeat our army, because our force is protected by the exceedingly heroic Bhishma of renowned glory. Whereas this ('Idam') force of ours is 'Paryaptam'—sufficient/capable to defeat their army, because the enemy force is protected by Bhima, who is a child (or fool)."

Or: "That ('Tat') force [of ours], which is beyond immediate perception (paroksha) and impossible to grasp in its entirety, and is protected by Bhishma, is therefore 'Aparyaptam'—meaning it cannot be fully encompassed, defeated, or shaken. However, this ('Idam') force of theirs, which is fully visible (limited), and protected by Bhima, is 'Paryaptam'—meaning it can be encompassed, defeated, or withstood."

Or: "Therefore ('Tat'), this force of ours is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning it is not 'pari' (fully) obtained from here and there (mercenaries), but consists mostly of our own (loyal) troops. Whereas their force is 'Paryaptam'—meaning obtained 'pari' (from all around/here and there); therefore, our army will fight with full dedication, establishing our superiority."

"Indeed, this force of ours, limited to eleven Akshauhinis and protected by Bhishma, is 'Paryaptam'—capable of defeating the enemies. However, that small force of theirs, limited to seven Akshauhinis and protected by Bhima of fickle intellect and lacking skill, is 'Aparyaptam'—incapable of defeating us."

Or: "That ('Tat') force of ours is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning not small (huge)—and commanded by Bhishma. Whereas their force is 'Paryaptam'—meaning small—and commanded by Bhima; therefore, victory will be ours alone."

Or: "That ('Tat') force of the Pandavas is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning insufficient/not enough for us; because their force is 'Bhishmabhirakshitam'—meaning Bhishma is preserved to ward it off (protect us). On the contrary, this ('Idam') force of ours is 'Paryaptam'—capable of defeating them; because 'Bhimabhirakshitam'—meaning Bhima, of weak heart, is protected by others to ward off our army;" thus say some.

As for the view: "Even being such and protected by Bhishma, our army seems 'Aparyaptam'—unable to fight with them; whereas this force of the Pandavas, protected by Bhima, seems 'Paryaptam'—capable/strong, because Bhishma is partial to both sides"—this should be disregarded. Because it contradicts the context. And also because it contradicts the subsequent text regarding what Bhishma did (blew his conch) upon hearing the King's words (which implies he cheered him up, not that Duryodhana was voicing despair).

"Paryaptam"—meaning "paritah aptam" (encompassed/surrounded on all sides).

Since the Pandava army is limited to seven Akshauhinis, it is small and can be surrounded by our vast army limited to eleven Akshauhinis; whereas ours cannot be surrounded by theirs.

Thus, the meaning of "Paryaptam" is "paraniyam" (able to be encompassed/overcome).

Dhritarashtra spoke; Sanjaya replied. Duryodhana, having personally observed the army of the Pandavas protected by Bhima and his own army protected by Bhishma, communicated to the Teacher (Drona) the adequacy of that (Pandava) army for his own defeat and the inadequacy of his own army for victory, and thus became internally filled with despondency.

Seeing his despondency, Bhishma, wishing to generate joy in him, roared like a lion, blew his conch, and created a tumult indicative of victory using the sounds of conches and kettledrums.

Thereafter, hearing that tumult, the Lord of all Lords, Parthasarathi (Krishna), and the warrior son of Pandu (Arjuna)—seated on a magnificent chariot that served as an instrument for conquering the three worlds—blew their divine conches, the glorious 'Panchajanya' and 'Devadatta', causing the three worlds to tremble. Then, Yudhishthira, Vrikodara (Bhima), and others blew their respective conches separately. That sound shattered the hearts of all your sons headed by Duryodhana. The sons of Dhritarashtra felt that the strength of the Kauravas was destroyed that very day. Thus, Sanjaya related this to Dhritarashtra, who was desirous of their victory.

Then, seeing the sons of Dhritarashtra—headed by Bhishma and Drona—positioned and eager to fight, the son of Pandu (Arjuna), bearing the flag of the monkey who burnt Lanka (Hanuman), addressed Hrishikesha (Krishna). Krishna is the repository of knowledge, power, strength, sovereignty, valor, and splendor, who enacts the play of the world's creation, sustenance, and dissolution by His mere will, and who resides as the controller of all internal and external faculties of all beings high and low, yet was situated as his charioteer, overcome by affection for one who had taken refuge in Him. Arjuna urged Him to position the chariot at a vantage point suitable for observing those eager to fight, so he could view them properly.

Then what (is the result)? To this query, he says—"Aparyaptam," etc. "That ('Tat') force of ours—meaning the army—even though endowed with such heroes and protected by Bhishma, appears 'Aparyaptam'—meaning insufficient or incapable of fighting with them.

However ('tu'), this ('Idam') force of these Pandavas, being protected by Bhima, appears 'Paryaptam'—meaning sufficient or capable."

(The reason is that) Bhishma is partial to both sides; therefore, our force is incapable against the Pandava army. Whereas Bhima is partial to only one side (his own).

एवं सुयोधनविजयबुभुत्सया कृतस्य प्रश्नस्ययत्र योगेश्वरः 18।78 इति साक्षादुत्तरं वक्ष्यन् तत्प्रत्यायनार्थमखिलमवान्तरवृत्तमपि सञ्जय उवाच दृष्ट्वेति। पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दृष्ट्वा इति सुयोधनस्य धैर्यभ्रंशहेतुः। तदधीनो धैर्यभ्रंशरूपोऽवस्थाविशेषःतुशब्देन सूच्यते। दृष्ट्वेत्यादेरनुनादयन्नित्यन्तस्याव्यक्तांशं व्यञ्जयति दुर्योधन इत्यादिनाअकथयत् रा.भा.1।19 इत्यन्तेन।

संज्ञार्थं सम्यग्ज्ञानार्थम् संज्ञया परिसंख्यानार्थं वा। तत्रअन्तर्विषण्णोऽभवत् इत्यन्तेनभीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि 1।11 इत्येतदन्तं व्याख्यातम्।अपर्याप्तं 1।10 इति श्लोकस्यायमर्थः तत् तस्मात् अस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितमपर्याप्तं परबलविजयाय नालम् इदं त्वेतेषां पाण्डवानां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितं पर्याप्तमस्मद्बलविजयायालम् इति।

नन्विदमनुपपन्नं तद्बलमिति सामानाधिकरण्यप्रतीतिभङ्गायोगात् पूर्वत्र च परबलस्वबलयोः सामर्थ्यासामर्थ्यहेतूपन्यासाभावात्। न च भीष्मद्रोणादिरक्षितं स्वबलमयमसमर्थं मन्यते। प्रबलानामेव हि भीष्मद्रोणादीनां वधः सोपाधिकः।न भेतव्यं महाराज म.भा.उ.प.55।1 इत्यादिषु च बहुशः स्वबलस्यैव सामर्थ्यं दुर्योधनेनोपन्यस्तम्। न चेदानीं तद्विपरीतप्रतीतौ कारणमस्ति। द्वितीयदिवसारम्भे च दुर्योधन एवं वक्ष्यति अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं पार्थाभिरक्षितम्। पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं पार्थिवसत्तमाः म.भा.उ.प. इति। तत्र चास्माकमपर्याप्तमित्येवान्वयः न पुनरस्माकं बलमिति। ततोऽत्रापि तथैव वचनव्यक्तिरुचिता।

तस्मात् पाठभेदेन व्यवहितान्वयेन वाक्यभेदेन पदार्थभेदेन वा योजना स्यात्। तत्र भीमभीष्मशब्दयोर्विपर्यासात्पाठभेदः। तथा च भीमाभिरक्षितं तद्बलमस्माकं अपर्याप्तमित्यन्वये सामानाधिकरण्यम् तदिति विप्रकृष्टनिर्देशस्वारस्यम् दुर्योधनाभिप्रायाविरोधश्च सिद्ध्यति। व्यवहितान्वयेऽप्ययमेवार्थः। द्विधा च व्यवहितान्वयोऽत्र शक्यः। भीमाभिरक्षितभीष्माभिरक्षितयोर्विपर्यासादेकःअपर्याप्तं तत् ৷৷. पर्याप्तं त्विदम् इत्यनयोर्विपर्यासाद्द्वितीयः। अर्थौचित्याय तु व्यवधानमात्रं सह्यते।वाक्यभेदेऽप्येवं योजना अपर्याप्तं तदित्येका प्रतिज्ञा पर्याप्तं त्विदमिति द्वितीया। अत्र को हेतुरिति शङ्कायां हेतुपरं वाक्यद्वयम् अस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम् एतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितमिति। अस्मद्बलस्य प्रबलाधिष्ठितत्वात् परबलस्य च दुर्बलाधिष्ठितत्वादित्यर्थः। पदार्थभेदे त्वेवं योजना पर्याप्तं पर्यापनं समापनम् पर्याप्तमिति कर्तरि क्तः नाशनसमर्थमित्यर्थः। अपर्याप्तं नाशनासमर्थमित्यर्थः। भीष्माभिरक्षितमस्माद्बलं तत् अपर्याप्तं नाशयितुं न शक्नोति।तत् इत्य पाण्डवबलं कर्तृतया निर्दिश्यतेइदम् इति च स्वबल परबलपर्यापनकर्तृतया। निष्ठायोगाच्च न कर्मणि षष्ठीप्राप्तिः यद्वा अपर्याप्तमपरिमितमित्यर्थः पर्याप्तं परिमितमित्यर्थः स्वबलस्यैकादशाक्षौहिणीयुक्तत्वात् परबलस्य सप्ताक्षौहिणी युक्तत्वाच्च।

सर्वथा तावन्न स्वबलदौर्बल्यं परबलप्राबल्यं च युद्धारम्भे दुर्योधनः प्रसञ्जयेदिति सोऽयं घण्टापथात्पाटच्चर कुटीरप्रवेशः। तथाहि इह तावद्भीष्माभिरक्षितमित्येतत्प्रति शिरस्तया भीमाभिरक्षितमिति केनाभिप्रायेण निर्दिश्यते न तावद्भीष्मवद्भीमस्यापि सेनापतित्वेन धृष्टद्युम्नस्य तत्पतित्वेनोक्तत्वात्। नापि भीष्मसमपौरुषत्वेन अत्यन्तविषमतया प्रसिद्धेः। यथोक्तं भीष्मेणैव शक्तोऽहं धनुषैकेन निहन्तुं सर्वपाण्डवान्। यद्येषां न भवेद्गोप्ता विष्णुः कारणपूरुषः म.भा. इति। नापि प्रतिबलाधीश्वरत्वेन धर्मसूनोस्तथात्वात्। नापि परबलभटप्रधानत्वेन अर्जुनस्यैव तथा प्रसिद्धेः। अतो भीमस्य समस्तधार्तराष्ट्रवधदीक्षितत्वात्तदुचितसाहसबलसहायादियुक्तत्वाच्च तस्य विशेषतो निर्देशः। एवं सति तत्प्रतिशिरस्त्वेन भीष्मस्य निर्देशोऽपि समस्तपाण्डुतनयसंरक्षणप्रवणत्वेन प्रतिपन्नत्वात्। अतः शत्रुभयसहायातिशङ्के पदद्वयसूचिते इत्युक्तं भवति। यत्तूक्तं पूर्वत्र परबलस्वबलयोः सामर्थ्यासामर्थ्यहेतुः

हिन्दुओं की प्राचीन युद्ध पद्धति में किसी सेना के सेनापति के साथसाथ कोई योद्धा सेना का रक्षक भी होता था जिसमें शौर्य साहस और बुद्धिमत्ता जैसे गुण आवश्यक होते थे। कौरव और पाण्डव पक्षों में क्रमश भीष्म और भीम रक्षक थे।

"Aparyaptam," etc. The Pandava force protected by Bhimasena is "Aparyaptam" for us—meaning impossible (for us) to conquer (Some manuscripts read: "unable to conquer").

Or else ("Yadi va"): "Aparyaptam" means—how much (i.e., insignificant) is that compared to our force? This is the meaning.

However, "Idam" (This)—the force belonging to us and protected by Bhishma—is "Paryaptam" for these Pandavas—meaning capable of being conquered (by them). Or else ("Yadi va"): "Paryaptam" means vast/abundant, which cannot be conquered by them in battle.

The King, again apprehending the equality of the two armies, states the superiority of his own army—"Aparyaptam," etc. "Our force is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning infinite (boundless), limited (only by count) to eleven Akshauhinis, protected on all sides by Bhishma of renowned glory and subtle intellect, and commanded by such virtuous men.

However, the force of these Pandavas is 'Paryaptam'—meaning limited, being lesser as it consists of only seven Akshauhinis and is protected by Bhima of extremely fickle intellect; therefore, victory will be ours alone"—this is the intention.

Or (Alternative meaning): "That ('Tat') force of the Pandavas is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning not sufficient ('na alam') against us. What kind of force is it? [Grammatical gloss:] That force for the cessation of which Bhishma is protected/kept by us is 'Bhishmabhirakshitam' (referring to enemy force being checked by Bhishma).

Whereas this force of ours is 'Paryaptam'—meaning capable of defeating these Pandavas. [Grammatical gloss:] That force for the cessation of which the extremely weak-hearted Bhima is protected (by them) is 'Bhimabhirakshitam' (referring to our force being checked by Bhima). Since Bhima is utterly incompetent to stop this (our force) yet is preserved by them, therefore we have no cause for fear whatsoever"—this is the intention.

"If it is so that you are fearless, then why are you prattling so much?"—To this, he speaks (in the next verse). The word "tu" indicates a specific duty.

Having thus described everyone, he says "Aparyaptam," implying "Even though protected by these (heroes), our force appears to me incapable of fighting their force." "Even though protected by Bhishma, our force appears 'Aparyaptam'—meaning incapable of fighting with them." (He mentioned only Bhishma because) Drona might get angry (if mentioned as protector implies partiality or insufficiency), so he said only "protected by Bhishma."

"And the Pandava force appears capable of fighting us"—he says "Paryaptam." "This ('Idam') force of the Pandavas, protected on all sides by Bhima, appears 'Paryaptam'—meaning capable." By the word "tu," the view of insufficiency is refuted (in the alternative sense).

Or (Alternative view): "That ('Tat') famous force of ours is 'Aparyaptam'—meaning excessive (unlimited). Moreover, it is protected on all sides by Bhishma. However, their force, though abounding in heroes, is 'Paryaptam' (limited), being limited to seven Akshauhinis. Moreover, it is protected by Bhima.

Duryodhana also, having observed the army of the Pandavas protected by Vrikodara (Bhima) and others, and his own army protected by Bhishma, communicated to the Teacher the adequacy of that (Pandava) force for his own (Duryodhana's) conquest (defeat) and the inadequacy of his own force for that victory, and became internally

despondent.

अपर्याप्तम् insufficient? तत् that? अस्माकम् ours? बलम् army? भीष्माभिरक्षितम् marshalled by Bhishma? पर्याप्तम् sufficient? तु while? इदम् this? एतेषाम् their? बलम् army? भीमाभिरक्षितम् marshalled by Bhima.Commentary The verse is differently interpreted by different commentators. Sridhara Swami takes the word aparyaptam to mean insufficient. Ananda Giri takes it to mean unlimited.

Dhrtarastra said - Sanjaya said Duryodhana, after viewing the forces of Pandavas protected by Bhima, and his own forces protected by Bhisma conveyed his views thus to Drona, his teacher, about the adeacy of Bhima's forces for conering the Kaurava forces and the inadeacy of his own forces for victory against the Pandava forces. He was grief-stricken within.
Observing his (Duryodhana's) despondecny, Bhisma, in order to cheer him, roared like a lion, and then blowing his conch, made his side sound their conchs and kettle-drums, which made an uproar as a sign of victory. Then, having heard that great tumult, Arjuna and Sri Krsna the Lord of all lords, who was acting as the charioteer of Arjuna, sitting in their great chariot which was powerful enough to coner the three worlds; blew their divine conchs Srimad Pancajanya and Devadatta. Then, both Yudhisthira and Bhima blew their respective conchs separately. That tumult rent asunder the hearts of your sons, led by Duryodhana. The sons of Dhrtarastra then thought, 'Our cause is almost lost now itself.' So said Sanjaya to Dhrtarastra who was longing for their victory.
Sanjaya said to Dhrtarastra: Then, seeing the Kauravas, who were ready for battle, Arjuna, who had Hanuman, noted for his exploit of burning Lanka, as the emblem on his flag on his chariot, directed his charioteer Sri Krsna, the Supreme Lord-who is overcome by parental love for those who take shelter in Him who is the treasure-house of knowledge, power, lordship, energy, potency and splendour, whose sportive delight brings about the origin, sustentation and dissolution of the entire cosmos at His will, who is the Lord of the senses, who controls in all ways the senses inner and outer of all, superior and inferior - by saying, 'Station my chariot in an appropriate place in order that I may see exactly my enemies who are eager for battle.'