Bhagavad Gita - Chapter 10 - Shloka (Verse) 5

व्याख्या--'बुद्धिः'--उद्देश्यको लेकर निश्चय करनेवाली वृत्तिका नाम बुद्धि है।'ज्ञानम्'--सार-असार, ग्राह्य-अग्राह्य, नित्य-अनित्य, सत्-असत्, उचित-अनुचित, कर्तव्यअकर्तव्य --ऐसा जो विवेक अर्थात् अलगअलग जानकारी है, उसका नाम 'ज्ञान' है। यह ज्ञान (विवेक) मानवमात्रको भगवान्से मिला है।

अहिंसा -- प्राणियोंको किसी प्रकार पीड़ा न पहुँचाना? समता -- चित्तका समभाव? संतोष -- जो कुछ मिले उसीको यथेष्ट समझना? तप -- इन्द्रियसंयमपूर्वक शरीरको सुखाना? दान -- अपनी शक्तिके अनुसार धनका विभाग करना ( दूसरोंको बाँटना )? यश -- धर्मके निमित्तसे होनेवाली कीर्ति? अपयश -- अधर्मके निमित्तसे होनेवाली अपकीर्ति। इस प्रकार जो प्राणियोंके अपने अपने कर्मोंके अनुसार होनेवाले बुद्धि आदि नाना प्रकारके भाव हैं? वे सब मुझ ईश्वरसे ही होते हैं।

'Yathashakti' (According to capacity)—this means offering wealth to a worthy recipient with faith, without exceeding one's own capacity, and in accordance with place and time.

He asserts the origin of the aforementioned qualities like intelligence (buddhi), along with their substrates, from the Lord—with 'Bhavanti' (they arise). He states the reason for their manifold nature—with 'Svakarma' (their own karma). Since they do not exist apart from the Self in any way, it is said 'from Me alone'.

'Ahimsa' is non-injury to living beings. 'Samata' is even-mindedness. 'Tushti' is contentment, the sense of 'enough'. 'Tapas' is scriptural mortification of the body preceded by control of the senses. 'Danam' is the offering of wealth to a worthy recipient (patre) with faith, exceeding one's capacity (shaktim atikramya), in accordance with place and time.

'Yashas' is fame having Dharma as its cause. 'Ayashas' is infamy having Adharma as its cause.

These aforementioned states, diverse and of various kinds, arise in beings from Me alone—the Lord—according to their own karma.

Therefore, I alone am the Great Lord of all worlds, and I alone should be approached for refuge by all for the sake of enjoyment and liberation; this is the purport.

'Tushti' is the sense of adequacy (alam-buddhi). As the lexicon says, 'Tushti is the sense of enough'.

'Ahimsa' is not causing pain to beings. 'Samata' is even-mindedness towards friends, enemies, etc. 'Tushti' is contentment, the sense of sufficiency in what is received. 'Tapas' is bodily mortification preceded by control of the senses. 'Danam' is sharing (wealth) according to one's capacity. 'Yashas' is fame caused by Dharma. 'Ayashas' is infamy caused by Adharma.

These twenty states starting with Buddhi arise in beings from Me alone.

'Prithagvidhah' means each is of various kinds.

Therefore, for the attainment of excellent qualities, you should take refuge in Me alone; this is the purport.

'Buddhi' is the mind's capacity to ascertain. 'Jnana' is the conviction regarding the distinct nature of sentient and non-sentient objects. 'Asammoha' is the cessation of the idea of similarity (mistaken identification) in an object like a shell, which is distinct from the previously perceived silver. 'Kshama' is the unperturbed state of mind even when there is a cause for mental agitation. 'Satyam' is speech that corresponds to what was seen and is beneficial to beings; here, the mental attitude corresponding to that is intended, because this is a context of mental attitudes. 'Dama' is the restraining of external senses from harmful objects. 'Shama' is the restraining of the inner organ in the same way.

'Sukha' is experience agreeable to the self. 'Duhkha' is disagreeable experience. 'Bhava' implies becoming—the 'becoming' (exuberance) of the mind caused by agreeable experiences. 'Abhava' is the depression of the mind caused by disagreeable experiences.

'Bhaya' is the suffering born from seeing the cause of impending sorrow. Its cessation is 'Abhaya'. 'Ahimsa' is not being the cause of others' suffering. 'Samata' is equanimity regarding oneself, friends, and enemies, and in gain or loss. 'Tushti' is the nature of being pleased upon seeing all selves. 'Tapas' is bodily mortification in the form of restricting enjoyments according to scripture. 'Dana' is giving one's own enjoyable objects to another.

'Yashas' is the fame of good qualities. 'Ayashas' is the fame of lack of qualities (infamy). These refer to the specific mental attitudes corresponding to fame and infamy, as this is the context of mental attitudes. The same applies to Tapas and Dana.

All these states of all beings—mental attitudes that are causes of action and cessation—proceed from Me alone, dependent on My will.

Moreover—'Ahimsa' etc. 'Ahimsa' is the cessation of harming others. 'Samata' is freedom from attachment and aversion etc., and equality towards friends and enemies. 'Tushti' is contentment with what is obtained by destiny. 'Tapas' is bodily austerity etc., which will be described later. 'Danam' is offering lawfully earned wealth etc. to a worthy recipient. 'Yashas' is good fame. 'Ayashas' is infamy.

These states—intelligence, knowledge etc., and their opposites like lack of intelligence etc.—of various kinds arise in beings from Me alone.

भक्त्युत्पत्तिविवृद्ध्यर्था [गी.सं.14] इत्यत्र विवक्षितं विवृण्वन्नुक्तेन तत्फलितेन च वक्ष्यमाणप्रकरणस्य च सङ्गतिमाह -- एवमिति।

बुद्धिज्ञानशब्दयोः पौनरुक्त्यपरिहारायबुद्धिमत्त्वाज्जानाति इति प्रयोगानुसारेण शक्तिलक्षणया बुध्यतेऽनयेति तद्व्युत्पत्त्या वा हेतुकार्यपरतया व्याख्यातिबुद्धिर्मनसो निरूपणसामर्थ्यमिति। असम्मोहासक्त्या तद्धेतुभूतं ज्ञानमिह विवक्षितमित्यभिप्रायेणाहज्ञानं चिदचिद्वस्तुविशेषविषयो निश्चय इति। बुद्धिज्ञानशब्दयोरध्यवसायमोक्षधीविषयत्वेन व्याख्यानं शब्दद्वयसङ्कोचादिप्रसङ्गादनादृतम्।

विजातीये सजातीयताबुद्धिः सम्मोहः तदुदाहरति -- पूर्वेति। पूर्वगृहीतात्? आपणादिनिष्ठतयाऽनुभूतादित्यर्थः। इदं च स्मर्यमाणाध्यासोदाहरणम्।

न कोपाख्यविकाराभावमात्रेण सुषुप्त्यादिषु क्षमाशब्दः? अपितु कोपहेतुषु सत्सु तदभावे तत्प्रयोग इत्यभिप्रायेणाह मनोविकारेति। क्रोधहेतावाक्रोशताडनादौ सत्यपीत्यर्थः। ननु कथं हेतौ सति तत्कार्यनिवृत्तिः तथात्वे तस्य हेतुत्वमेव हीयेत उच्यते -- नह्यवश्यं हेतौ सति कार्येण भवितव्यमिति नियमः अपितु प्रतिबन्धकरहितायां सामग्र्यां सत्याम् अन्यथा प्रत्येकं हेतूनां प्रतिबद्धानां च तत्तत्कार्यजनकत्वे कार्यस्य सदातनत्वसार्वत्रिकत्वप्रसङ्गात्? नित्यविभोश्च कारणस्य सद्भावात् तर्हि कः क्षमाया विस्मयः इति चेद्यथा मणिमन्त्रादिभिः स्फोटसामग्री स्तभ्यते तथा प्रबलविवेकाख्यप्रतिबन्धकेन कोपसामग्र्या दुर्निवारायाः स्तम्भनादिति भावः।

वस्तुसत्यत्वस्य यथार्थदर्शनमप्यपेक्षितम्? तथापि यथादृष्टवचनमात्रे वक्तुर्नापराधः? भ्रमस्य दैवागतत्वादित्यभिप्रायेणयथादृष्टविषयमित्येतावदुक्तम्। परमार्थत्वेऽपि परानर्थहेतोःसत्यं भूतहितं प्रोक्तम् इत्यादिभिः सत्यत्वप्रतिक्षेपात्भूतहितरूपेति विशेषितम्। भावशब्दस्य मनोवृत्तौ प्रसिद्धिप्रकर्षबलमग्र्यप्रायनयं चाभिप्रेत्य सत्यशब्दस्यात्र लाक्षणिकत्वमाहतदनुगुणेति।

शमदमशब्दयोरेकैकस्योभयनियमनाभिधानसामर्थ्येऽपि पौनरुक्त्यपरिहाराय विषयभेदे वक्तव्ये नियमनक्रमेण दमशमयोर्बाह्यान्तरकरणविषयत्वोक्तिः। शास्त्रीयेभ्यो नियमनस्य निषिद्धत्वात्अनर्थविषयेभ्य इत्युक्तम्। तथेति अनर्थविषयेभ्य एव।

अनुकूलत्वमात्रं प्रतिकूलत्वमात्रमेव च सुखदुःखयोर्लक्षणम् तथापि मनोवृत्तिरूपत्वसिद्ध्यर्थमनुभवशब्दः। सुखदुःखभयाभयमध्यपतितत्वात्भवोऽभावः इत्यत्रापि परस्परविरुद्धार्थविषयत्वं सम्भवदपरित्याज्यम् ततश्च भावाभावशब्दयोः प्रत्ययभेदमात्रमेव? न त्वर्थभेदः तत्र चाभाव इत्येव पदच्छेदः तयोरपि मनोवृत्तिरूपत्वं वक्तव्यम् प्रस्तुतयोरेव च सुखदुःखयोस्तद्धेतुत्वमुचितम् अत एवभवो भव्यता? भावोऽभिप्रायः इत्यादि परव्याख्यानं मन्दम् तदेतदखिलमभिप्रेत्याहअनुकूलेति। भवनमिति उद्धर्षोऽत्र विवक्षितः अवसादप्रतियोगित्वात्। अनवसादानुद्धर्षो हि सहोक्तौ वाक्यकारेणतल्लब्धिर्विवेकविमोकाभ्यासक्रियाकव्याणानवसादानुद्धर्षेभ्यः [बो.वृ.] इति। सुखदुःखशब्दाभ्यां पौनरुक्त्यव्युदासाय भयाभयशब्दयोस्तद्विशेषविषयतां दर्शयति -- आगामिन इति। आगामिप्रत्यवायोत्प्रेक्षा भयमिति लक्षणेऽपि तस्यैव ज्ञानविशेषस्य प्रतिकूलरूपत्वाद्दुःखत्वम् नह्यन्यो दुःखाख्यो गुणोऽस्मद्दर्शने। परदुःखाहेतुत्वमित्यत्र दुःखशब्देनाहितं विवक्षितम्? चिकित्सादौ हितरूपदुःखकरणस्य हिंसात्वाभावात्? प्रपञ्चितं चैतत्प्रागेव। अभयाहिंसयोरभावरूपयोरपि भावान्तरत्ववेषेण मनोवृत्तिरूपत्वं भाव्यम्।

समत्वप्रकारेषु बहुषु सत्स्वपि हिंसानिषेधप्रसङ्गाद्धिंसाविषयभूतशत्रुस्मृतिर्जाता ततश्च द्वेषाद्यभावेन शत्रुमित्रादिसाम्यं प्रदेशान्तरप्रपञ्चितमिह विवक्षितमित्यभिप्रायेणाहआत्मनीति। न चलति निजवर्णधर्मतो यः सममतिरात्मसुहृद्विपक्षपक्षे। न हरति नच हन्ति किञ्चिदुच्चैः सितमनसं तमवेहि विष्णुभक्तम् [वि.पु.3।7।20] इति भगवत्पराशरवचनमिह तत्तत्पदैः स्मारितम्। अर्थानर्थयोरिति -- आत्मार्थपरार्थयोरात्मानर्थपरानर्थयोश्चेत्यादि भाव्यम्। तुष्टेः समतासहपाठात् शत्रूणां समृद्धिमतामपि सङ्ग्रहाय सर्वशब्दः। सर्वत्र सन्तोष एव ह्यात्मनः स्वारसिकः प्राप्तः? प्रातिकूल्यभावनाद्युपाध्यधीनं हि वैरादिकमित्यभिप्रायेणसन्तोषस्वभावत्वमित्युक्तम्। इदं च मैत्र्यादिषु चतुर्षु मुदिताख्यचित्तपरिकर्म।

बाह्यागमादिमूलक्लेशस्य तपस्त्वव्यवच्छेदायोक्तंशास्त्रीय इति। शास्त्रधिस्यैव भोगसङ्कोचस्य व्याध्यादिवशादक्लेशात्मकत्वे तपस्त्वं नास्तीति व्यञ्जनायकायक्लेश इत्युक्तम्। दाने परकीयानां स्वकीयानामपि हेयभूतानां व्यवच्छेदायस्वकीयभोग्यानामित्युक्तम्। परस्मै प्रतिपादनं परस्वत्वापादनमित्यर्थः।

अयशश्शब्दै नञो विरोधिपरत्वं प्रयोगप्रकर्षसिद्धमाह -- नैर्गुण्यप्रथेति। सदोषत्वप्रथेत्यर्थः। प्रथात्वमात्रमुभयसाधारणम् अतो गुणवत्त्वनैर्गुण्याभ्यां विशेषणम्। एतच्चेत्यादिकं पूर्ववत्। सिंहावलोकितकेनाह -- तपोदाने च तथेति मनोवृत्तिविशेषावित्यर्थः। उक्तमात्रव्युदासायोपलक्षणतामभिप्रेत्याहएवमाद्या इति। अभिप्रायेऽपि भावशब्दप्रयोगादत्र भावशब्दस्य मनोवृत्तिविषयता।

सर्वेषां कर्तृकरणादीनां प्रवृत्तेः स्वाधीनत्वेऽपि मनोवृत्त्युदाहरणं प्राकरणिकभक्तिरूपमनोवृत्तेरपि स्वसङ्कल्पमूलत्वज्ञापनार्थम्। प्रवृत्तिनिवृत्त्योः स्वाधीनत्वे कैमुत्यार्थमाहप्रवृत्तिनिवृत्तिहेतव इति। मत्त एव इत्यत्र परोक्तसन्निधिमात्रादिव्युदासाय पञ्चम्यवगतं हेतुत्वं व्यापारमुखेनेत्याहमत्सङ्कल्पेति। पृथग्विधानां परस्परविरुद्धानामप्यहमेको हेतुरित्येवकाराभिप्रायः।

प्रस्तुत प्रकरण के विचार को ही आगे बढ़ाते हुए कि परमात्मा ही सम्पूर्ण विश्व का उपादान और निमित्त कारण है? भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण इन दो श्लोकों में उन विविध गुणों को गिनाते हैं? जो मनुष्य के मन और बुद्धि में व्यक्त होते हैं।साधारणत? सृष्टि शब्द से केवल हम भौतिक जगत् ही समझते हैं। परन्तु उपर्युक्त समस्त गुण उसके व्यापक एवं सर्वग्राहक अर्थ को सूचित करते हैं। उनसे यह स्पष्ट ज्ञात होता है कि जगत् शब्द के अर्थ में हमारे मानसिक और बौद्धिक जीवन भी सम्मिलित हैं।पुन सभी मनुष्यों और प्राणियों का वर्गीकरण इन्हीं गुणों के आधार पर किया जाता है। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति अपने गुण या स्वभाव के वशीभूत है। यथा मन तथा मनुष्य। ध्यान देने योग्य बात यह है कि यहाँ केवल शुभ दैवी गुणों का ही गणना की गई है। संस्कृत व्याख्याकारों की पारम्परिक शैली का अनुकरण करते हुए? श्लोक में प्रयुक्त च शब्द की व्याख्या यह की जा सकती है कि उसके द्वारा विरोधी अशुभ गुणों को भी यहाँ सूचित किया गया है। तथापि भगवान् केवल शुभ गुणों को ही स्पष्टत बताते हैं? क्योंकि जिस व्यक्ति में इन गुणों का अधिकता होती है? उसमें आत्मा की शुद्धता एवं दिव्यता के दर्शन होते हैं।इन विभिन्न प्रकार की भावनाओं एवं विचारों से प्रेरित होकर प्रत्येक व्यक्ति अपनेअपने संस्कारों के अनुसार कर्म में प्रवृत्त होता है। इस प्रकार यहाँ विविध प्रकार के जीवन दृष्टिगोचर होते है। ये समस्त गुण? मुझसे ही प्रकट होते हैं। स्तम्भ में प्रतीत हुआ प्रेत चाहे प्रेम से मन्दस्मित करे या क्रोध से खिसियाये अथवा प्रतिशोध की भावना से धमकाये? उसका मन्द स्मित या धमकाना इत्यादि गुणों का केवल एक अधिष्ठान है स्तम्भ। आत्मचैतन्य के बिना बुद्धि? ज्ञान आदि गुणों का न अस्तित्व है और न भान।इन गुणों के द्वारा सम्पूर्ण प्राणियों का तथा उनके अनुभवों का प्राय पूर्ण वर्गीकरण किया गया है। इसलिए जैसा कि शंकराचार्य कहते हैं? ये दो श्लोक आत्मा का सर्वलोकमहेश्वर होना सिद्ध करते हैं।

The very meaning that was indicated in the previous nine chapters is being expanded in this chapter through word-by-word readings. And so He says—'Bhuya eva' (Again indeed). 'Listen to what is being told again to clarify the meaning already spoken.' Arjuna will also say the same thing—'Bhuyah kathaya' (Tell me again) (10.18). This is the purport of the chapter.

The rest is clearly explained by the text itself, so what is the use of repetition? However, what is doubtful will be decided.

From 'Bhuyah' up to 'Prithagvidha'.

'Asammoha' (freedom from delusion) means Enthusiasm (Utsaha).

To avoid redundancy with the meaning of the word 'Sukha', he explains the word 'Tushti' with proof/authority—'Tushti' etc.

'Ahimsa' is the cessation of causing pain to beings. 'Samata' is the state of mind free from attachment, aversion, etc. 'Tushti' is the understanding regarding enjoyable objects that 'this much is enough'. 'Tapas' is the drying up (mortification) of the body and senses through the scriptural path. 'Danam' is the offering of wealth to a worthy recipient in the proper place and time, with faith, according to one's capacity.

'Yashas' is fame in the form of public praise caused by Dharma. 'Ayashas' is fame in the form of public censure caused by Adharma. These states starting with Buddhi—which are specific effects along with their causes—being of distinct kinds, i.e., manifold due to the diversity of means like Dharma and Adharma, arise in all beings from Me—the Supreme Lord—alone, and from no one else.

Therefore, what more need be said about My being the Great Lord of the worlds?—this is the meaning.

'Ahimsa' is of the nature of compassion. 'Samata' is seeing My presence (Mad-bhava) everywhere. 'Tushti' is always being content in My disposition. 'Tapas' is bearing hardships for My sake. 'Danam' is the giving of My teachings etc. 'Yashas' is good fame due to being My servant. 'Ayashas' is infamy characterized by wickedness etc.

These states of beings are distinct and varied. For those possessed of My knowledge and distinguished by My grace, all these states (starting with Buddhi) occur.

For others, the four states including Ayashas (and suffering etc.) occur; this is the purport.

'Ahimsa' is not causing pain to living beings. 'Samata' is equanimity. 'Tushti' is contentment, the sense of sufficiency in gains. 'Tapas' is bodily mortification preceded by control of the senses. 'Danam' is sharing according to one's capacity. 'Yashas' is fame caused by Dharma. 'Ayashas' is infamy caused by Adharma.

These aforementioned states—intelligence etc.—of living beings arise from Me alone—the Lord—diverse and of various kinds, in accordance with their own karma. Moreover—

Furthermore, Buddhi and Jnana arise from Me alone, who possesses inconceivable opulence, Yoga, and auspicious qualities. 'Jnana' is an implication (upalakshana) for the entire creation of good and bad qualities, based on the statement 'Everything proceeds from Me' (10.8).

Similarly 'Buddhi' etc. 'Buddhi' is in the form of determination regarding the truth. 'Jnana' is that born of instruction. The 'Asammoha' mentioned in 'Asammudhah' (10.3) also comes from Me alone. 'Kshama' is tolerance. 'Satyam' is speaking of a meaning understood through proof exactly as it is. 'Dama' is the withdrawal of external senses from their objects. 'Shama' is of the inner organ. 'Sukha' is experience agreeable to the self. 'Duhkha' and its opposite come from Me alone.

The sentiment is: I am the Presider over the three paths; I grant happiness and sorrow to the respective eligible souls exactly according to the path they follow.

Similarly, 'Bhava' is origin. 'Abhava' is its opposite. Bhaya and Abhaya, and (in the next verse) Dana, Yashas, and Ayashas—these twenty states of beings engaged in those respective paths, distinct according to their nature/creation, arise from Me alone. As stated in the Nibandha: 'He who plays in the world through the differentiation of forms and names.'

By this, His own status as the principal Doer and the Cause of all is stated. Nature (Prakriti) etc. have only instrumental agency (karanatva), not causal agency (karanatva as source), because they are the most effective means (sadhakatama); this describes the greatness of His Yoga.

अहिंसा noninjury? समता eanimity? तुष्टिः contentment? तपः austerity? दानम् beneficence? यशः fame? अयशः illfame? भवन्ति arise? भावाः alities? भूतानाम् of beings? मत्तः from Me? एव alone? पृथग्विधाः of different kinds. Commentary Ahimsa is noninjury to living beings in thought? word and deed. Samata is that state wherein there is neither Raga (like) nor Dvesha (dislike)? when one gets pleasant or unpleasant objects. There is neither exhilaration when one gets pleasant or favourable objects nor depressions when one gets unpleasant or unfavourable objects. Tushtih is satisfaction or contentment. The man of contentment is satisfied with whatever object he gets through Prarabdha. He is satisfied with his present acisitions. He is free from greed and so he has peace of mind. Contentment makes a man very rich. It annihilates greed. Greed makes even a rich man a beggar of beggars. A greedy man is ever restless. Tapas is restraint of the senses? with bodily mortification through the practice of fasting and slow reduction of food. The strength of the body and the senses is reduced through fasting.Danam is beneficence. It is sharing of ones own things with others according to ones own means? or distribution of rice? gold? cloth? etc.? to a worthy person? in a fit place and time? especially to one who can do nothign in return.Yasas is fame due to Dharma or virtuous actions.Ayasah is illfame or disgrace due to Adharma or sinful actions.All these different kinds of alities of living beings arise from Me alone? the great Lord of the worlds? according to their respective Karmas.

Buddhih, intelligence-the power of the internal organ to know of things which are subtle etc. Indeed, people talk of a man possessed of this (power) as intelligent. Jnanam, wisdom-knowledge of entities such as the Self etc. Asammohah, non-delusion-proceeding with discrimination with regard to things that are to be known as they present them-selves. Ksama, forgiveness-unperturbability of the mind of one who is abused or assulted. Satyam, truth-an utterance regarding what one has seen, heard, and felt oneself, communicated as such to others for their understanding, is said to be truth. Damah, control of the external organs. Samah, control of the internal organs. Sukham, happiness. Duhkham, sorrow. Bhavah, birth; and its opposite abhavah, death. And bhayam, fear; as also its opposite abhayam, fearlessness. Ahimsa, non-injury-non-cruely towards creatures. Samata, eanimity. Tustih, satisfaction-the idea of sufficiency with regard to things acired. Tapah, austerity-disciplining the body through control of the organs. Danam, charity-distribution (of wealth) according to one's capacity. Yasah, fame-renown arising from righteousness. On the contrary, ayasah is infamy due to unrighteousness. (These) prthak-vidhah, different; bhavah, dispositions-intelligence etc. as described; bhuanam, of beings, of living bengs. bhavanti, spring; mattah, eva, from Me alone, [This is said in the sesne that none of these dispositions can exist without the Self.] from God, in accordanced with their actions.
Moreover,

'Intelligence' is the power of the mind to determine. 'Knowledge' is the power of determining the difference between the two entities - non-sentient matter and the individual self. 'Non-delusion' is freedom from the delusion of perceiving as silver the mother-of-pearl etc., which are different from silver etc., previously observed. 'Forbearance', is a non-disturbed state of mind, even when there is a cause for getting disturbed. 'Truth' is speech about things as they are actually seen, and meant for the good of all beings. Here, the working of the mind in conformity with the ideal is intended, because the context is with reference to the working of the mind. 'Restraint' is the checking of the outgoing organs from their tendency to move towards their objects and generate evil. 'Self-control' is the restraint of the mind in the same manner. 'Pleasure' is the experience of what is agreeable to oneself. 'Pain' is th experience of what is adverse. 'Exaltation' is that state of elation of the mind caused by experiences which are agreeable to oneself. 'Depression' is the state of mind caused by disagreeable experiences. 'Fear' is the misery which springs from the perception of the cause of future sufferings. 'Fearlessness' is the absence of such feelings. 'Non-violence' is avoidance of being the cause of sorrow to others. 'Eability' is to become eable in mind whether good or bad befalls and to look upon with the same eanimity on what happens to oneself, friends and enemies. 'Cheerfulness' is the natural disposition to feel pleased with everything seen. 'Austerity' is the chastising of the body by denying to oneself pleasures, as enjoined by the scriptures. 'Beneficence' is giving to another what contributes to one's own enjoyment. 'Fame' is the renown of possessing good alities. 'Infamy' is notoriety of possessing bad alities. The workings of the mind which are in accordance with fame and infamy must be understood here, because it is the subject-matter of the context. Austerity and beneficence are to be understood in the same way. All these mental faculties - these functioning of the mind - resulting either in activity or inactivity, are from Me alone, i.e., are dependent on My volition.
Sri Krsna declares: 'Thos agents who direct the creation, sustentation etc., of all beings, have their activity dependent on My Will.'